Ips duplicatus
The double-spined bark beetle is a 2.8 - 4.5 mm long beetle. The wing covers are dark brown and cylindrical; the depressing back part of the wing covers is shiny; four pairs of spines are on the sides. The upper one is further away from the others. The distance between the first and second spine is 2 to 2.5 times greater than between the second and third, which form the so-called double-spine. The males' largest third spine is widened in the upper part; the female has no enlarged third pair. The intersections on the wing covers are slightly dotted. The antenna has bent seams.
The egg is oval, shiny, white, 0.7 mm long in diameter.
The larva is legless, whitish, with a brown, strongly chitinized head; in the last instar, it grows to a length of 4.5 - 5.5 mm. The pupa is unattached, about 5 mm long, white, with two short spikes at the end of the anus.
The body's shape most closely corresponds to the European spruce bark beetle, from which it differs by about a third smaller in size. However, the small spruce bark beetle can also be confused, which is the same size but is darker and narrower, with a more elongated body shape.
The galleries can be one to five armed, but usually two to three armed. The maternal galleries are 4 - 7 cm (max. 13 cm) long, about 2 mm wide, not straight. The larvae galleries are short, a maximum of 5 cm. In the infested part of the trunk, the galleries of the double-spined bark beetle are often mixed with the galleries of the six-toothed spruce bark beetle, European spruce bark beetle, or the small spruce bark beetle. The galleries of I. duplicatus are similar to those of the six-toothed spruce bark beetle, European spruce bark beetle, or the small spruce bark beetle. The galleries are most similar to the galleries of the European spruce bark beetle, compared to which its maternal galleries are a little shorter and about one-third narrower. When the double-spined bark beetle galleries have three maternal galleries, these resemble the letter Y, the adjacent galleries heading more to the sides, in contrast to the European spruce bark beetle galleries, which have two side galleries almost parallel straight.
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Galleries on spruce. Photo: J.Vakula
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Galleries of double-spined bark beetle and European spruce bark beetle.
Photo: J.Vakula
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Galleries on spruce. Photo: J.Vakula
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Second and third spine on the rear side of the elytra form the so-called double-spine. Photo: J.Vakula
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Damaged plant parts: Trunk
Significance: Very significant
Origin and distribution:
Its natural range extends from northern Europe to Kamchatka through Siberia and Yakutia. However, until the beginning of the 20th century, it was rarely described in Central Europe, in the mountain spruce area in the Alps and the Romanian Carpathians.
The double-spined bark beetle gradually expanded with artificial spruce monocultures to the south; it was first described in the early 20th century in northern Poland. Subsequently, it began to spread further into non-native spruce lowlands.
In 1996, for the first time, the double-spined bark beetle was caught in a trap in Zvolen. Also, based on the occurrence of this species in the surrounding countries, all-Slovakia detailed monitoring was carried out in 1997. As a result, the double-spined bark beetle was found in many traps in northwestern Slovakia.
The double-spined bark beetle is commonly found in the spruces of the Žilina and Trenčín regions. In 2008, the highest captures in Slovakia were recorded; more than 10,000 beetles per trap were caught in the districts of Kysucké Nové Mesto, Žilina, and Bytča. Since 2010, increased captures have also been recorded in the districts of Ružomberok, Banská Bystrica, Žiar nad Hronom, Prievidza, and Brezno.
Endangered stands and areas:
Its highest occurrence is recorded in the spruces of northwestern Slovakia. It prefers positions up to 800 m above sea level. It is very often found in the islet-like spruces of the agrarian landscape; it is rarer in long bounded valleys.
Occurrence control:
Double-spined bark beetle is checked visually or by pheromone traps in stands older than 40 years, with at least 20% spruce representation. In case of outbreaks also in younger stands. The occurrence should be checked not only on stand edges, as is by the European spruce bark beetle, but especially inside the vegetation. Whereas it attacks the upper parts of the trunks, it is challenging to find frass on the tree's base, scattered to the surroundings. As a result, the crown discoloration appears late, usually when the beetles are already leaving the infested tree.
Defense is problematic and consists mainly of a quick and consistent search for infested trees and their immediate sanitation. The sanitation methods are the same as for the European spruce bark beetle. The finding of infected trees is problematic. The double-spined bark beetle often attacks trees inside the stand, making it difficult to identify them.
Specific pheromone evaporators (ID Ecolure) can be used for pest control. The installation distance of pheromone traps from the stand edge is 20 m to 40 m. Trap trees and poisoned trap trees are not used against the double-spined bark beetle, except standing trap trees lured by a pheromone evaporator. For standing trap trees, it is better to choose thinner individuals (d1.3 to 30 cm) to be girdled. The pheromone is hung up to a height of 2 m. When checking the infestation on a trap tree, check the surrounding trees must be checked. The degree of the infestation - the number of holes per 1 dm2 - is evaluated according to the scale used for the European spruce bark beetle (on 20 dm2 of continuous surface in the densest occupied part of the trunk). During the severe infestations of trap trees, it is necessary to strengthen defensive measures and use other trap trees or traps. As with traps, the proper positioning of the trap trees is essential. Its final efficiency depends on that to a large extent.
Pest category: Insects - bark beetles
Invasive species: Yes
Similar species: European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), small spruce bark beetle (Ips amitinus)
Literature:
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